Cloning of a yeast alpha-amylase promoter and its regulated heterologous expression

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides the promoter clone discovery of an alpha-amylase gene of a starch utilizing yeast strain  Schwanniomyces castellii.  The isolated alpha-amylase promoter is an inducible promoter, which can regulate strong gene expression in starch culture medium.

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/632,313 filed Aug. 4, 2000.

[0002] The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of Contract DE-AC0676RLO1830 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention relates specifically to the isolation of a yeast gene regulatory sequence (promoter), which is native to Schwanniomyces castellii and can regulate gene expression in a heterologous yeast host using starch as the sole carbon source. More specifically, the starch can be used as an inducing agent for the expression of native or foreign genes, which are fused to the isolated yeast promoter. The transformed host cells bearing the promoter-gene fusion can grow in culture medium containing various carbon sources, and the gene expression is induced by starch addition as a gene expression inducing-agent. The heterologous host is preferably bacteria, yeast, mold, plant cell, plant tissue, and whole plant.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

[0004] Natural yeast strains have been identified that can use starch as a primary growth substrate via complete or partial enzymatic hydrolysis. These yeast strains include but are not limited to Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Schwanniomyces castellii, and Saccharomyces diastaticus, which can produce and secrete both alpha-amylase and glucoamylase to, liquefy and hydrolyze starch into glucose. A fusion yeast cell strain of Saccharomyces diastaticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae could degrade 60% of starch present in culture media within two days. In addition, other natural Saccharomyces species can ferment starch and dextrin to ethanol, as well as improve ethanol production from starch and higher sugars.

[0005] The ability to genetically modify yeast strains has greatly advanced both protein expression engineering and metabolic engineering for the past two decades. The use of yeast for producing transgenic prokaryotic and eukaryotic heterologous proteins has the added advantage that yeast and filamentous mold are microbial eukaryotes, and they are more closely related to animal cells. Hence, yeasts possess the molecular genetic manipulation and growth characteristics of prokaryotic organisms, together with the subcellular machinery for performing eukaryotic post-translational protein modification. For example, Pichia pastoris is able to synthesize functional recombinant protein and its glycosylation abilities are very similar to those of animal cells, though the glycosylation in another yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is different from that of an animal. In addition, the metabolic pathway of a regular ethanol producing yeast strain can be genetically altered to accumulate large amounts of lactic acid and to increase xylose utilization rate. However, only a few yeast systems (transformation vector and promoters) are available for protein engineering and metabolic engineering, which include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, among others.

[0006] Starch utilizing yeast strain, Schwanniomyces castellii or Schwanniomyces occidentalis, is one of the most important microorganisms, since it can directly use starch as its growth medium. Due to the low level of glycosylation and the ability of protein secretion, Schwanniomyces castelli is a promising host for heterologous protein expression. However, the molecular study of Schwanniomyces sp. is very limited. Only about 21 genes have been cloned, and very few promoter sequences have been cloned and characterized in their full length from Schwanniomyces sp. The ability to genetically manipulate Schwanniomyces sp. depends on the successfulness in developing the transformation methods and gene expression systems. To effectively direct the transcription or expression of an interested gene, strong gene regulating elements or promoters are required. These promoters can be isolated from the upstream sequences of strongly expressed gene clones.

[0007] Alpha-amylase, a 56-kDa protein, is one of the highly expressed clones in Schwanniomyces castellii, and different carbohydrates such as starch regulate its expression. The expression level of alpha-amylase can be increased about 100 times when the glucose is depleted in the culture medium. The gene regulatory element (promoter) of the alpha-amylase gene would be a useful genetic element to be used for the regulation of foreign gene expression. However, the full alpha-amylase promoter of Schwanniomyces castellii has never been sequenced and characterized. To genetically manipulate Schwanniomyces sp, either for the purpose of metabolic pathway modification, conferring necessary traits such as chemical production, or producing biocatalyst of interest, high levels of mRNA expression are always desirable. Therefore, there is a need to isolate strong promoter sequences of Schwanniomyces sp. and characterize its function.

[0008] The following references disclose technical information useful in this art:

[0009] Sills A M, Stewart G G. 1982. Production of amylolytic enzymes by several yeast species. J. Inst. Brew. 88: 313-316.

[0010] Hongpattarakere T, H-Kittikun A. 1995. Optimization of single-cell-protein production from cassava starch using Schwanniomyces castellii J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11: 607-609.

[0011] Lemmel S A, Heimsch R C, Korus R A. 1980. Kinetics of growth and amylase production of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera on potato processing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39: 387-393.

[0012] Kim K, Park C S, Mattoon J R. 1988. High-efficiency one-step starch utilization by transformed Saccharomyces cells which secrete both yeast glucoamylase and mouse alpha amylase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 966-971.

[0013] Laluce C, Bertolini M C, Ernandes J R, Martini A V, Martini A. 1988. New amylolytic yeast strains for starch and dextrin fermentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 2447-2451.

[0014] Pirselova K, Smogrovicova D. Balaz S. 1993. Fermentation of starch to ethanol by a co-culture of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 9: 338-341.

[0015] Ryu Y W, Ko S H, Byun S Y, Kim C. 1994. Direct alcohol fermentation of starch by a derepressed mutant of Schwanniomyces castellii Biotechnol. Lett. 16:107-112.

[0016] Sreekrishna K, Nelles L, Potenz R, Cruze J, Mazzaferro P, Fish W, Fuke M, Holden K, Phelps D, Wood P, Parker K. 1989. High-level expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor synthesized in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Biochemistry 28: 4117-4125.

[0017] Cregg J M, Vedvick T S, Raschke W C. 1993. Recent advances in the expression of foreign genes in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol. 11: 905-910.

[0018] Porro D, Bianchi M M, Brambilla L, Menghini R, Bolzani D, Carrera V, Lievense J, Liu C L, Ranzi B M, Frontali L, Alberghina L. 1999. Replacement of a metabolic pathway for large-scale production of lactic acid from engineered yeasts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(9): 4211-4215.

[0019] Ho N W Y. 1999. Successful development of hazard-free, user-friendly genetically engineered microorganisms for effective production of environmentally friendly chemicals from renewable biomass. Proceedings of 3^(rd) Annual Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference, Washington, D.C. Pp. 77-78.

[0020] Wang T T, Lee C F, Lee B H. 1999. The molecular biology of Schwanniomyces occidentalis Klocker. Critical Review in Biotechnol. 19(2): 113-143.

[0021] Jefferson R A, Kavanagh T A, Bevan M W. 1987. GUS fusions: beta-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants. EMBO J. 6 (13): 3901-3907.

[0022] Dohmen R J, Strasser A W M, Martens F B, Dahlems U M, Hollenberg C P. 1990. Cloning of the Schwanniomyces occidentalis glucoamylase gene (GAMI) and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 95: 111-121.

[0023] Strasser A, Martens F B, Dohmen J, Hollenberg C P. 1992. Amylolytic enzymes producing microorganisms, constructed by recombinant DNA technology and their use for fermentation processes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,794.

[0024] Claros M G, Abarca D, Fernandez-Lobato M, Jimenez A. 1993. Molecular structure of the SWA2 gene encoding an AMYl-related alph-amylase from Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Curr. Genet. 24: 75-83.

[0025] Piper P. 1996. Isolation of yeast DNA, Methods in Molecular Biology, 53:103-107

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0026] The present invention provides the promoter clone discovery and isolation of alpha-amylase gene of a starch utilizing yeast strain Schwanniomyces castellii. The isolated alpha-amylase promoter is an inducible promoter, which can regulate higher gene expression in starch culture medium.

[0027] An object of the present invention is to provide an isolated yeast promoter, which is native to Schwanniomyces castellii (ATCC 26077) and located upstream of and in control of an alpha-amylase gene.

[0028] Another object of the invention is to provide an isolated yeast promoter that has a sequence of 1554 base pairs prior to the initiation codon of alpha-amylase gene.

[0029] Yet another object of the invention is to provide a strong gene promoter that allows effective direction of transcription or expression of a gene of interest.

[0030] Another object of the invention is to provide a process of expressing a gene of interest in bacterial, yeast, mold, and plant/plant cell species

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031]FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration depicting an inverse PCR method for promoter clone isolation.

[0032]FIG. 2 is a photograph of a reverse gel image of PCR clones of S. castellii alpha-amylase promoter.

[0033]FIG. 3 is a schematic illustrating the construction of a plasmid vector pGA2070.

[0034]FIG. 4 is the sequence of S. castellii alpha-amylase promoter.

[0035]FIG. 5 is a schematic illustrating the construction of a plasmid vector pGA2098.

[0036]FIG. 6 is a schematic illustrating the construction of a plasmid vector pGA2099.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

[0037] The present invention comprises a promoter discovered in a starch utilizing yeast strain, Schwanniomyces castellii (ATCC 26077), which can completely hydrolyze and use starch in less than 10 hours. The novel promoter is related to an amylolytic enzyme, alpha-amylase. The isolated alpha-amylase promoter (AM) clone has a length of 2000 base pairs, within which 1554 base pairs are putatively determined as the promoter region, based on the open reading frame analysis. Within the 600-bp upstream of the alpha-amylase initiation codon, there are putatively ten CAT boxes and four TATA boxes, which play an important role in the regulatory mechanism of the AM promoter.

[0038] The present invention illustrates that when fused to a reporter gene, glucuronidase gene (gus), the AM promoter can regulate glucuronidase (GUS) expression in transformed Saccharomyces sp. The 1.0 kb AM promoter shows higher expression than the 1.5 kb AM promoter in both glucose and starch culture medium. In addition, the S. castellii AM promoter is an inducible promoter, which can regulate higher gene expression at the presence of a starch, while it can regulate minimal gene expression at the presence of glucose. The expression yield can be increased about ten times when induced in a starch culture medium as compared to the glucose culture medium.

[0039] Two alpha-amylase genes were previously isolated from S. castellii, ATCC 26076 and ATCC 26077 strains. However, both isolated genes only contain partial sequence of the alpha-amylase promoters, one of which has 549 base pairs, and the other 233 base pairs. In the present invention, the alpha-amylase promoter region isolated from S. castellii contains the full length promoter sequence of 1554 base pairs, which is about three and six times as long as the ones isolated by Dohmen et al. and Claros et al., respectively. Therefore, the alpha-amylase promoter presented in this invention has the full regulatory function for gene expression.

[0040] The inducibility of the present AM promoter provides an opportunity to regulate native or foreign gene expression in native or heterologous host strains with an inexpensive inducing agent, starch. Industrial fermentation/culture process can then use this cost-effective regulatory mechanism for certain types of metabolic pathway controlling and foreign protein accumulation.

[0041] For a clear and concise understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope given to such terms, the following definitions are provided:

[0042] PROMOTER: The expression of a gene is directed by a promoter, which is a DNA sequence and locates in the 5′ region of a gene. A yeast promoter is a promoter sequence that will direct the transcription of a gene in yeast cells.

[0043] CONSTITUTIVE PROMOTER: The rate of gene transcription under such promoter is not regulated by an inducing agent, which can be a chemical compound, or a carbohydrate.

[0044] INDUCIBLE PROMOTER: The rate of gene transcription under such promoter is regulated by an inducing agent.

[0045] PLASMID VECTOR: A DNA plasmid vector contains a replicon or an origin of replication able to autonomously replicate the plasmid DNA in the original host organism. A plasmid vector can also serve as both a cloning vector for DNA manipulation in a bacterial host and a shuttle plasmid vector for interested DNA expression in another host cell.

[0046] CLONING PLASMID VECTOR: Cloning vectors typically contain one or a small number of restriction endonuclease recognition sites at which interested DNA sequences can be inserted for DNA manipulation purposes. Cloning vectors also contain a marker gene that is suitable for use in the identification and selection of cells transformed with the cloning vector. Marker genes typically include genes that provide phleomycin resistance or ampicillin resistance.

EXAMPLE 1

[0047] PCR Cloning of Alpha-amylase Promoter of S. castellii.

[0048] To isolate the alpha-amylase promoter, S. castellii cells were grown overnight in a culture medium containing yeast extract 1%, peptone 2%, and glucose 2%. Cells were then harvested and genomic DNA was isolated and purified from the culture using the spheroplasting method. Inverse PCR method was used to clone out the promoter region, as shown in FIG. 1 where P1 is PCR reverse primer 1; P2 PCR forwarding primer 2; RE restriction enzyme site which can be cleaved both upstream of the alpha-amylase (AM) promoter and inside of the AM gene; SCst S. castellii. PCR primers for the inverse PCR were designed based on the open reading frame of the alpha-amylase gene sequence of S. castellii. A 5′ end over-hung sequence (italics) was designed to adapt restriction enzyme sites (underlined) such as Xba I and Sph I. The inverse PCR primers are listed as follows:

[0049] Reverse Primer AM1-C56:

[0050] 5′-GAT TCT AGA AAC AAC TTT ACT TGT AAA TCC TTC AGT TGA-3′

[0051] Forwarding Primer AM2-N60:

[0052] 5′-GAT GCA TGC ACC AAT CGA TTT ATC AAA TCG TTA-3′

[0053] Inverse PCR method was used to isolate the promoter region. In this method, the genomic DNA was first digested with different restriction enzymes, such as Bg1 II, Hinc II, and Hind III, which locate within the 5′ end of the alpha-amylase gene region. Upon digestion, the DNA samples were purified and self-ligated using T4 DNA ligase, and the promoter region was subsequently cloned out by the inverse PCR reaction. Table 1 shows the reverse PCR reaction matrix with different restriction enzyme conditions. TABLE 1 Inverse PCR primer pairing conditions for each digested and ligated genomic DNA samples. Restriction enzyme used PCR reaction No. before ligation Inverse PCR primer pairing 1 Bgl II AM1-C56; AM2-N60 2 Hinc II AM1-C56; AM2-N60 3 Hind III AM1-C56; AM2-N60

[0054] The inverse PCR reactions were conducted based on the primer pairing outlined in Table 1. After PCR reaction, the PCR products were separated in an agarose gel by electrophoresis. The inverse PCR results are shown in a reverse gel image in FIG. 2, where lane number is correspondent to each inverse PCR reaction in Table 1 and lane S is the Hλ DNA size marker. The isolated AM promoter clones are shown as dark bands in the gel picture. All lanes show single strong bands, which correspond to the ligated DNA samples previously cleaved by Bg1 II, Hinc II, and Hind III, respectively. The sizes of the PCR clones range from about 2.0 kb to 3.0 kb.

EXAMPLE 2

[0055] Nucleotide Sequence of AM Promoter Sequence.

[0056] PCR product No. 1 contains sufficient length (about 2.0 kb) of the AM gene upstream sequence and the initial codon ATG of the AM gene. The AM promoter clone No. 1 was cloned into a unique cloning site containing 3′ terminal thymidine (T) to both ends of a cloning plasmid vector pGEM-T (Promega, Madison, Wis.) to form pGA2070, as shown in FIG. 3, where Amp is the ampicillin resistance gene; Co1E1 is the origin for plasmid replication during gene manipulation in E. coli strains; f1 ori is the phage origin. Individual colonies were picked to confirm DNA insertion. Two of the randomly picked individual clones, pGA2070-4 and pGA2070-5, were sequenced to compare the identity of these two clones. The results showed that these two clones have the same sequences. In addition, other clones from PCR products No. 3 were also sequenced, and they had the identical sequences as that of No. 1, and the sequence downstream of the initiation codon ATG is identical to the alpha-amylase gene. Therefore, the upstream of clone No. 1 contains the AM promoter region. Clone No. 1 in pGA2070-5 was chosen and completely sequenced from both ends and has a length of 2000 bps, as shown in FIG. 4(A) and FIG. 4(B). The putative TATA box and CAT box are bold and underlined. There are ten CAT boxes and four TATA boxes within 600 base pairs upstream of the initial codon. In addition, the open reading frame analysis indicates that the AM promoter sequence locates between 407 bp to 1962 bp, between which there are 1554 bps for the AM promoter, and there is no long open reading frame.

EXAMPLE 3

[0057] Vector Construction for AM Promoter Analysis.

[0058] To test the activity of the isolated alpha-amylase (AM) promoter, a bacterial glucuronidase gene was fused to the 1.55 kb and 1.0 kb AM promoters. An episomal yeast plasmid vector pGA2028D was used, as shown in FIG. 5. The AM promoter was cloned out from pGA2070-5, forming the 1.55 kb and 1.0 kb AM promoters (AM15 and AM10). A 5′ end over-hung sequence (italics) was designed to adapt restriction enzyme sites (underlined) such as Spe I at the 5′ end and Hind III at the 3′ end, using the following primers, respectively.

[0059] Forwarding Pimer AMI5-N for 1.55 kb AM Promoter:

[0060] 5′-TCT AGA ACT AGT TAT GAT AAA TGA ATA TTT TTT ATT CTT-3′

[0061] Forwarding Primer AM10-N for 1.0 kb AM promoter:

[0062] 5′-TCT AGA ACT AGT TTT GTT AAT AAA TAA GTT GTA CAT-3′

[0063] Reverse Primer AM-C for Both AM Promoters:

[0064] 5′-GAT TAA AAG CTT GTC TTG CTT TTA TTT TAT TTA GTA TTG-3′

[0065]FIG. 5 shows the constructed vector pGA2098 containing the 1.55 kb AM promoter, and FIG. 6 shows the vector pGA2099 containing the 1.0 kb AM promoter, where 2 micron is a DNA replicon for plasmid replication in Saccharomyces strains; Co1E1 is the origin for plasmid replication during gene manipulation in E. coli strains; f1 ori is the phage origin; gus is the bacterial glucuronidase gene; Tcyc1 is the transcription terminator; and Zeocin is the Zeocin resistance gene (Invitrogen, Inc, Carlsbad, Calif.). pAM15 and pAM10 stand for the AM promoter with lengths of 1.55 kb and 1.0 kb, respectively.

EXAMPLE 4

[0066] Glucuronidase (GUS) Expression Regulated by AM Promoter in Glucose Culture Medium.

[0067] A starch-degrading Saccharomyces hybrid yeast strain, obtained from James R. Mattoon of University of Colorado, was used as the host for plasmid transformation and promoter activity testing. A transformation kit (Invitrogen, Inc., Carlsbad, CA) was used for preparing competent yeast cells, which were subsequently used for the transformation of pGA2098 and pGA2099, respectively. After transformation, cells were plated onto YPD agar medium plate containing glucose 2%, yeast extract 1%, peptone 2%, and antibiotic Zeocin (Invitrogen, Inc., Carlsbad, Calif.). After four-day incubation at 30° C., transformed yeast colonies were obtained on the selective culture plate and used for the GUS activity analysis

[0068] Colonies were picked, and intracellular protein samples were extracted using the glass-bead disintegrating method. Briefly, in this method, single transformed colony was suspended in 300 μl of extraction buffer containing 50 mM sodium phosphate at a pH 7.0, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 10 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, and 0.1% triton X-100. The cells were then disrupted by acid-washed glass beads (average diameter 100 μm) on a vortexer. After cell disruption, the sample was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was saved for both protein and GUS activity assays. Protein was determined using a BioRad protein assay reagent (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) and glucuronidase activity using an enzymatic reaction in which a substrate 4-methylumbelliferul-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) can be hydrolyzed by glucuronidase to a fluorescent compound 4-methylumbelliferone. One unit of glucuronidase activity is defined as the amount of glucuronidase that produces one pmole of 4-methyl umbelliferyl (MU) from MUG per minute at 37° C. The specific activity of glucuronidase is calculated as the units of glucuronidase per milligram of total protein.

[0069] After transformation, positive yeast colonies were selected and grown in YPD plates containing glucose as the main carbon source and an antibiotic, Zeocin. Transformed colonies were harvested, and protein samples were prepared. Table 2 shows the results of glucuronidase specific activities of both clones transformed with pGA2098 and pGA2099, respectively. Three transformants are under the control of the AM15 promoter, and four transformants are under the control of the AM10 promoter. It is evident that GUS activity is detected in all the tested clones, and the GUS activity is statistically above the non-transformed control cells, indicating that the isolated alpha-amylase promoter is active in the heterologous host, Saccharomyces sp. The GUS expression under AM10 promoter is higher than the one under the control of AM15 promoter. TABLE 2 GUS activity in transformed Saccharomyces sp. colonies grown in medium containing glucose 2%, yeast extract 1%, and peptone 2%. GUS specific Average activity Clone No. Promoter activity (unit/mg) (Unit/mg) C* — 1.4 1.4 1 AM15 2.5 2.3 ± 0.7 2 1.7 3 2.8 4 AM10 4.8 4.5 ± 0.4 5 3.9 6 4.8 7 4.6

EXAMPLE 5

[0070] Glucuronidase Expression Regulated by AM Promoter in Starch Culture Medium.

[0071] The GUS expression under alpha-amylase promoter exhibits lower activity, as shown in Table 2 when the culture medium contains glucose as the primary carbon source. In is test, transformed colonies were first grown in the medium containing glucose. After washing, cells were transferred into culture medium containing potato starch 2% yeast extract 1%, and peptone 2% for GUS the expression tests. Results are shown in Table 3. After a 15-hour growth period in the starch medium, intracellular protein samples were obtained using the glass-bead disintegrating method, and GUS activity was determined. GUS activity was detected in all transformed cultures. The highest GUS activity was 26 U/mg-protein under the control of the AM15 promoter, and 45 U/mg-protein under the control of AM10 promoter. The transformed GUS activity is above background level of the none-transformed cell sample. When induced by starch at its highest expression level, the transformed GUS activity is about 10-fold the activity in the glucose medium for both the AM15 promoter and the AM10 promoter. These results indicate that the alpha-amylase promoter is highly induced by starch, which can be used as an inexpensive inducting agent for gene expression regulation. TABLE 3 GUS activity in transformed Saccharomyces sp. colonies grown in medium containing potato starch 2%, yeast extract 1%, and peptone 2%. GUS specific Average activity Clone No. Promoter activity (unit/mg) (unit/mg) C* — 7.7 — 1 AM15 18.3 23.3 ± 2.9 2 22.6 3 25.5 4 22.3 5 25.3 6 25.7 7 AM10 29.1 34.3 ± 6.4 8 27.5 9 32.7 10  38.8 11  44.7 12  33.3

EXAMPLE 6

[0072] Glucuronidase Expression Regulated by Alpha-amylase Promoter in Plant Cells.

[0073] To test the functionality of alpha-amylase promoter in plant cell cultures, the plasmid vectors pGA2098 and pGA2099 were used in a transient plant cell protoplasting method. A 3-day old Nicotiana tabacum cell suspension was used for the preparation of protoplasts. Briefly, protoplasts were isolated by treating the suspension cells with a pH 5.8 solution containing 10 mg/l cellulase, 500 μg/ml pectoplyase (Kanematsu-Gosho, Los Angeles, Calif.) and 0.4 M D-mannitol at 28° C. for 20 minutes with a gentle shaking at 100 rpm. The protoplasts were then extensively washed with 0.4 M mannitol to remove cellulase and pectolyase. Finally, 1×10⁶ protoplasts were resuspended in 0.5 ml of pH 5.5 electroporation buffer containing 2.38 mg/ml HEPES, 8.76 mg ml NaCl, 735 μg/ml CaCl2 and 0.4 M D-mannitol.

[0074] After addition of 20 μg superecoil plasmid DNA of pGA2098 and pGA2099, respectively, and 10 μg salmon sperm DNA as a carrier DNA, the protoplasts were them electroporated at a 300 volt pulse with 210 μF capacitor. The treated protoplasts were subsequently transferred in 7 ml of protoplast culture medium in a Petri dish and cultured for 48 hours at 28° C. The culture medium is a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) containing 4.3 mg/ml MS salt supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.18 mg/ml KH₂PO₄, 0.1 mg/ml inositol, 1 μg/ml thiamine hydrochloride, and 0.2 μg/ml 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D), and 0.4 M D-mannitol.

[0075] The culture protoplasts were collected by gentle centrifugation and suspended in 100 μl extraction buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 227 mM NaCl, 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, and I mg/ml sodium azide. Protein samples were extracted by sonicating the protoplasts three times for 8 seconds with 30-second intervals. The protein samples were harvested by centrifuging the sonicated mixture at 15,000 g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was saved and protein concentration was measured by the Bio-Rad Protein Assay method (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). The glucuronidase activities were assayed using the same method as described in example 4. The glucuronidase activity results are shown in the following table. The results indicate that S. castellii alpha-amylase promoter can regulate the expression of glucuronidase in plant cells. TABLE 4 GUS activity in electroporated Nicotiana tabacum cells. GUS Specific Test No. Promoter Culture Medium Activity (unit/mg) Control* — Sucrose 2.6 1 AM15 Sucrose 17.8 2 16.1 3 17.9 4 20.6 5 AM10 Sucrose 26.5 6 14.4

[0076]

1 6 1 39 DNA artificial sequence oligonucleotide primer 1 gattctagaa acaactttac ttgtaaatcc ttcagttga 39 2 33 DNA artificial sequence oligonucleotide primer 2 gatgcatgca ccaatcgatt tatcaaatcg tta 33 3 39 DNA artificial sequence oligonucleotide primer 3 tctagaacta gttatgataa atgaatattt tttattctt 39 4 36 DNA artificial sequence oligonucleotide primer 4 tctagaacta gttttgttaa taaataagtt gtacat 36 5 39 DNA artificial sequence oligonucleotide primer 5 gattaaaagc ttgtcttgct tttattttat ttagtattg 39 6 2000 DNA Schwanniomyces castellii 6 agatcttcaa ataataatag atcctatgtt gatataagat caactccacc attgaccaat 60 tcatttaatc agcctcaaca acctcagcaa tcaatcaccg attctcctac ccctcaacat 120 catcaccaac atttttttcc aacgcaatca attccttcca attctcaacc atccaccccg 180 ttggcttcaa atgatatcaa ttcaagattt caaccatttg gtcaacatac ccatttagct 240 ggtagtttta cgtcattaca gcaatcaacc tcaacttcgc aattagatga ttttagtaat 300 cctacttcaa caggtacgaa tgttaatgac tcaataagta ataaatttaa ttcattaaat 360 ttatcaaata ataattatga taattcctca ggaatttggg gtttaaaata aacaaacctt 420 ttgaaactcc aacattcaac tctttaatgt aatttatgat tatgataaat gaatattttt 480 tattcttttt gaataaaaat ttcgaataaa atattaataa gatgacaaaa aatgaataca 540 tgaatataca tatactttat ttaaaaaatt aatccttttg attaattgat gattttgctc 600 ttccaaaaag aaagaatccc agaaaataac aagttttcca aagggattaa caaaattttt 660 ttcctatttt tttatctttt tatcataata tagttctagt tcaatacgtt ttccaaaaat 720 gcaaaagtga aaaaaatttt aaaaaaacat ttcgaaatta caaaaaaaag ttcattaaat 780 attattttat tttatcctat attatttcta aacgatcttg aacaagtaac gttgttatta 840 ctaccccgaa ggagaaaaag aaaatgattc ataacatgaa gtaatgctca cttaaaataa 900 cactgttaat acttttttaa tatatattaa tgtgcctcta atagattata tattattgtt 960 tgtttttttt gttaataaat aagttgtaca tccatatttg tggttaaaac tttgaaaaaa 1020 ttattgttgt gacgacgtca cttggatctt atgaaagttt atttcaacct cactacatac 1080 aatttttttc agctgaacca aattgttcac caatccaaat catatcagtt ctttctccct 1140 attatcaaag tcaaattgtc tctgcgtaca tattttcaat tatttaaacc ttaattaacc 1200 ttaaaaatat ctacctccct gagactctac gaggggatag ttagttcttc ggaaatggta 1260 cgtggcgcta cctacccttc ccagtaactg tttcatcctg taatagaaac cgcttaactt 1320 gaatatttta tattacgtca taatacagaa ctattattat gtgattacaa tggtcggatt 1380 tttcttgttg atatgtgttc gtgggtggta cctgagctaa atttagaacc ggctatagat 1440 ccgcttgtct aaagaagaga taatgaagaa aacaattaac cgagcactct tattaagttt 1500 ttttctattt tcttttgctc ctacttcaat aatttatcta aattgtattg tgcgttagat 1560 cagaatgtac tgataacaga gagtattatc atacacttgt ggatttcaaa aggcggaatc 1620 aaaagcatac gtagtcaaac ccttggttat ttgatgcaat taaggttgta gtcgttctta 1680 ccgatccatc attatacccc acacggtttc atggtatgta ggtgtttcaa tagtgaagta 1740 caatgaatgt tttggtaatg ctgttattgt tggatcagta attatgttta aacaattaag 1800 ttctggaaaa tttattaaaa ttttacctac aattaagccg aaatccaatc gaaggtgccg 1860 cccagctggt gtataaatta ctcttgaaat tcaagttgaa cgtcgatact ctctaaagca 1920 aagctgttat tctacaatac taaataaaat aaaagcaaga catgagattt tcaactgaag 1980 gatttacaag taaagttgtt 2000 

We claim:
 1. An isolated yeast promoter, which is native to Schwanniomyces castelli (ATCC 26077) and located upstream of and in control of an alpha-amylase gene.
 2. The isolated yeast promoter of claim 1, wherein said promoter has a sequence of 1554 base pairs prior to the initiation codon of the alpha-amylase gene.
 3. A vector comprising the yeast promoter of claim
 1. 4. The vector of claim 3, wherein said vector is a plasmid vector.
 5. The vector of claim 4, wherein said plasmid vector is a chromosomal integration vector.
 6. A method of expressing a gene of interest in bacterial, yeast, mold, and plant/plant cell species, comprising the steps of: a. fusing a gene of interest to an isolated yeast promoter which is native to Schwanniomyces castellii (ATCC 26077) and located upstream of and in control of an alpha-amylase gene, and b. integrating the said promoter and the gene of interest within the genomic DNA of a bacterial, yeast, mold, and plant/plant cell, such that the said promoter regulates the expression of a gene of interest in bacterial, yeast, mold, and plant/plant cells.
 7. A method of expressing a gene of interest in bacterial, yeast, mold, and plant/plant cell species, comprising replicating a vector comprising an isolated yeast promoter which is native to Schwanniomyces castellii (ATCC 26077) and located upstream of and in control of an alpha-amylase gene, and a gene of interest within a bacterial, yeast, mold, and plant/plant cell genomic DNA such that the said promoter regulates the expression of the gene of interest in bacterial, yeast, mold, and plant tissue/plant cells. 